For importing (e.g. into quizlet.com), the separator between the two sides (term and definition) of a single flashcard is: \n\n (i.e. two newline characters) Separator between flashcards is: \n\n\n (i.e. three newline characters) (Remove this and the previous block as they only represent information on importing and nothing relevant for the exam) Energy generated by fusion in the sun is emitted as (2) - Radiation (50% IR, 40% VIS, 10% UV) - Particles (Solar wind) The different layers of the atmosphere are called (from bottom to top) (4) - Troposphere - Stratosphere - Mesosphere - Thermosphere The main green house gases are (4) - Water vapor (H2O) - Carbon dioxide (CO2) - Nitrous oxide (N2O) - Methane (CH4) (- Ozone (O3)) The two major scientific achievements after World War II leading to the Third Industrial revolution are (2) - Invention of the transistor - Clarification of the structure of DNA Fertilizers typically provide the plant nutrients the major ones being (3) - Nitrogen - Phosphorus - Potassium Examples for past regional ecological crisis are (2) - Exxon Valdez oil spill off the coast of Alaska - Nuclear meltdown at Chernobyl Major inorganic contaminants of water (3) - Nitrates and phosphates from human waste waters, manure and fertilisers - Chemical waste as industrial byproducts - Heavy metals including acid mine drainage (mainly accidents) In the hydrosphere carbon exists as (3) - Dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) - Suspended carbonates - Dead organic matter The most important radioactive elements released in the Chernobyl accident were (3) - Caesium-137 - Strontium-90 - Iodine-131 Major sources for SO2 in ambient air of Europe (2) - Power stations (coal, oil) - Transport using sulphur-containing fuel (especially shipping) Drivers of increased resource (and energy) use (2) - Population numbers - "Development" in the sense of transition from an agrarian to an industrial regime (Person in industrial regime uses 3-5x more energy and resources) - Rising income (GDP) The organelles in eukariotic cells are (3) - Mitochondria - Ribosomes - Chloroplasts Examples for present global ecological crisis are (2) - Climate change - Loss of biodiversity Major organic contaminants of water (5) - Various toxic organic compounds used as insecticides and herbicides - Detergents - Various chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and cosmetic products - Agropharmaceuticals - Human medicines like estrogens (- Petroleum hydrocarbons including fuels) The advent of agriculture 10.000 years ago led to (3) - Permanent human settlements - Domestication of animals - Use of metal tools The major primary air pollutants are (4) - SO2 - NOx - Particulate Matter (PM) - Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) First generation of biofuels (methanol/ethanol or diesel) are produced from (3) - Cereals (Ethanol) - Sugar (Ethanol) - Plant oils (Diesel) The very high dipole moment of the water molecule gives water special important properties (3) - Liquid state at normal environmental temperatures due to high cohesive forces - High solubility for nutrients and gases like oxygen due to strong interaction with other polar molecules - Reduction of temperature extremes on earth due to high heat capacity allowing water bodies to absorb huge amounts of heat The main measures for the reduction of pollution of ambient air in Europe with Particulate Matter were (4) − industrial abatement measures (filters for smoke stacks) − reduced emissions for diesel passenger cars − improved road management − reduction of small scale heating and fuel switch from coal to gas The most important modern fishing technologies leading to an overexploitation of many fish stocks are (3) - Purse Seine: Detection by sonar, net is layed around whole swarms, capturing also all the small fish - Trawling: Ship drags large nets which allow to catch several hundred tons at once. Lack of selectivity - Bottom trawling: Lack of selectivity and physical damage to the seabed Our species, the homo sapiens developed *20.000, 200.000, 1 million or 2 million* years ago 200.000 Without the green house effect caused by water vapour in our atmosphere to average temperature on our earth would be *5, 10, 30 or 50°C* lower 30 In the respiration process *energy is produced, energy is consumed or no energy change of the system is taking place* Rather energy is produced (Oxygenated air is deoxygenated, generating heat) (but of course, energy is only transformed, since in general energy can neither be produced nor consumed) Nitrates contain the chemical group *-NO, -NO2 , -NO3 or -NH4* -NO3 Roughly *1, 10, 50 or 75%* of the European urban population suffer from exposure to concentrations of the air pollutants PM, NOx and ozone above immission limit values 10 Area needed for production of 1 kg of vegetable *0,1; 1; 5 or 10* m2 1 According to the IPCC the temperature increase caused by GHGs between 1850 and now is ca. *1, 2, 4 or 6°C* 1 The largest source sector for the emission of green house gases in the EU is *transport, agriculture, energy production or industrial processes* energy production Life expectancy in Africa is about *5, 10, 25 or 50%* lower than in Europe 25 The costs for energy imports of the EU are roughly *1 million, 100 million, 1 billion or 10 billion* EUR per day 1 billion Our solar system has *6, 7, 8 or 9* planets 8 In the Anthropocene during the last 100 years the consumption of energy and natural resources has increased by a factor of *5, 10, 15 or 25* 15 The tropical rain forest grows in a climate which has *stable lower temperatures, dry summers, high and stable seasonal precipitation or little winter precipitation* high and stable seasonal precipitation (and stable high temperatures) The Gulf Stream is largely driven by: *the magnetic field of the earth, the composition of the atmosphere, the amount of precipitation, the global thermohaline circulation, the trade winds* the global thermohaline circulation The EU Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) for pesticides in ground and drinking water is *1, 10, 100 or 1000 ng/L* 100 ng/L The air pollutant which has been reduced most in the last decades is *NOx, NMVOCs, SO2/SO3 or PM* SO2/SO3 (by 95%) *10, 30, 50 or 75%* of the global known conventional oil reserves have already been consumed 50% The concentration of CO2 in the air has reached a value of ca *200, 400, 600 or 800 ppm* 400 The EU emission trading system covers about *100, 1000, 10.000 or 100.000* installations 10.000 The (material) living standard in the EU (measured as PPP GDP per capita) is about *10%, 25% higher or 10%, 35% lower* than in the USA 35% lower The appearance of homo sapiens lead to the extinction of *cyanobacteria, dynosaurus rex, homo neanderthalensis and the moa birds* homo neanderthalensis The first major European colony "New Spain" was founded after conquest of *the Inca empire, the Eastern Seabord of North America, the Aztec empire or the Philippines* aztec empire Unpolluted rain water in respect to its pH-value is *neutral, slightly acidic, slightly basic or strongly acidic* slightly acidic The Gulf Stream influences the climate of *the west coast of North America, the eastern coast of South America, south east Asia or Western Europe* the west coast of Europe (and the *east* coast of North America) The primary productivity is the highest in *the corn belts of the USA, the high intensity agricultural areas of Europe, the North Atlantic or the equatorial zones of our planet* the equatorial zones of our planet (net primary ecosystem productivity) The emission standard for small vehicles Euro6 applicable since 2018 reduces emissions of NOx for diesel cars by *10%, 25%, 70% or 100%* compared to Euro4 (introduced 2005) 70% Agriculture accounts for *30, 50, 70 or 80%* of the global consumption of freshwater water 70% The share of oil in global total energy production in 2018 was *12, 24, 33 or 45%* 33 The annual per capita CO2-emissions of the USA are about *3, 7, 15 or 25 tons* (2015) 15 Till 2050 the population of Africa will grow from 1,2 billion to *1,5; 2; 3 or 4* billion 2 The lithosphere consists mainly of *iron oxides, metallic nickel, silicates or carbohydrates* (magnesium-iron-)silicates The large amounts of water on our earth most likely originate from *bombardment by asteroids, impact of comets, outgassing of crystalline water from minerals of the mantle, or reactions in our atmosphere* outgassing of crystalline water from minerals of the mantle The influential book "Limits to Growth" published 1972 demands *to stop economic growth, to limit the increase of the global population, to decouple economic activity from resource use and environmental pollution, or to reduce the global amount of money in circulation* to decouple economic activity from resource use and environmental pollution According to IMF 2018 reports the GDP of all EU member states together is ca *8.000, 15.000, 25.000 or 40.000 billion EUR* 15.000 In its trade relations with China the EU during the last decade had *a stable balance, an increase of the surplus or an increase of the deficit* an increase of the deficit According to UNEP *10 million, 200 million, 800 million or more than 1 billion* people are without access to safe drinking water 800 million (but that's according to CDC, not UNEP) The emission standard for small vehicles Euro6 applicable since 2018 reduces emissions of PM for diesel cars by *10%, 25%, 80% or 100%* compared to Euro4 (introduced 2005) 80% Which of the following sea regions has the highest oxygen content in its waters: *Mediterranean Sea, the Pacific near the equator, the Indian Ocean or the North Atlantic?* North Atlantic The annual per capita CO2-emissions of the EU are about *3, 7, 15 or 25* tons (2015) 7 (6,5 to be precise) The number of internet users has increased during the last 20 years by a factor of *10, 50, 100 or 1.000* 100 The mass of the earth is responsible for *the magnetic field, the ocean currents, composition of the atmosphere or the gravitational field* gravitational field The NEC-Directive applies to the EU Member States and *limits the immision concentration of air pollutants, limits the emission of the green house gas CO2, limits the emission of several air pollutants like NOx and SO2, or defines minimal expenditure for environmental protection measures* limits the emission of several air pollutants like NOx and SO2 (also, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and ammonia (NH3)) Globally only *6, 12, 20 or 30%* of land surface usable for agriculture 12 The annual CO2-emissions of the EU are about *10, 20, 30 or 50%* of the total global emissions (2015) 10 Under the optimal stabilisation scenario (IPCC RCP2,6 scenario) total annual CO2 emissions have to decrease by *10, 25, 50 or 100%* till 2050 100 Asia has ca *30, 40, 50 or 60%* of the world population 60 The WTO treaty of 1995 created essentially a borderless world for goods and money - covering *60, 80, 95 or 100%* of the global production and financial services 95 According to UNEP *50, 100, 400 or 700* million people are undernourished (World Bank 2018) 700 million Wind energy in EU: Share in electricity production 2017 is *3, 8, 12, 20%* in EU 12 Our galaxy, the "Milky Way" contains about 200-400 *thousand, million, billion or trillion* stars 200-400 billion The percentage of the human genome identical with the genes of shimpanzees is *90; 99; 99,9 or 99,99%* 99 The temperate deciduous forest grows in a climate which has *extremely cold winters, dry summers, stable seasonal precipitation or high winter precipitation* stable seasonal precipitation The ration of nitrogen to oxygen in our atmosphere is *1:4, 1:1, 2:1 or 4:1* 4:1 *PM, NOx , SO2 or ozone* is the air pollutant which affects the largest number of European urban inhabitants with concentrations above immission limit values Ozone (followed by PM10) The Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) network of the WMO serves mainly to *control industrial emissions in the region, monitor background concentrations of air pollutants, provide warnings from extreme weather situations or to observe changes in intercontinental air streams* monitor background concentrations of air pollutants The share of GM soy within the global soy harvest is *20, 40, 60 or 80%* 80 The share of renewable (hydro, biomass, geothermal, wind and sun) in global total energy production in 2018 was *6, 12, 25, or 40%* 12 According to UNEP *100 million, 600 million, 1 billion or 2,5 billion* people are without proper sanitation services 2,5 billion (according to CDC, not UNEP) The Gulf Stream influences the climate along *the East coast of South America, the West coast of Europe, the seashores of Japan, the East coast of North America.* the West coast of Europe, the East coast of North America The Haber-Bosch process has the following characteristics: 1. It uses nitrogen form air as a raw material 2. It is an exothermic reaction producing energy 3. It operates at very high temperatures 4. It uses hydrogen from water 5. It is the main chemical process to produce ammonium for chemical fertilisers 1, 3 Major sources for the elevated concentrations of PM in the ambient air of Europe are 1. small scale heating 2. airplanes 3. road traffic 4. railroads 5. regional transport of air pollutants 6. fertilisation in agriculture 1, 3, 5 The major sources for the green house gas CH4 are 1. agriculture 2. burning of fossil fuel 3. gas and oil exploration 4. application of fertilisers 5. biomass burning 1, 3 Major macromolecules in living species are 1. proteins 2. water 3. sodium chloride 4. chlorophyll 5. glucose 6. carbohydrates 1, 6 Phosphorous occurs as an important element in 1. carbonate rocks 2. coal 3. inorganic phosphates and sediments 4. the fertilizer urea 5. animal excretions 6. crude oil 7. acid rain 8. detergents 1, 3, 4, 5, 8 The UN Agenda for Sustainable Development 2015 sets goals and indicators for 1. poverty 2. pensions for older people 3. gender equality 4. clean energy 5. migration from poor to rich countries 6. clean water and sanitation 7. redistribution of wealth from upper to lower income levels 8. number of billionaires in this world 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 The primary air pollutants forming the secondary pollutant ozone are 1. NOx 2. SO2 3. CFCs 4. VOCs 5. benz-a-pyrene 6. dioxin 7. DDT 1, 4 Which of the following structural elements are present in procariotic cells: 1. cell wall 2. mitochondria 3. cytoplasm 4. ribosomes 5. a membrane-bound nucleus encapsulating the DNA 1, 3, 4 The core of earth contains mainly the metals 1. aluminium 2. iron 3. copper 4. nickel 5. cobalt 6. magnesium 2, 4 Chemical characteristics of POPs are 1. high water solubility 2. high lipid solubility 3. ability for bioaccumulation 4. low molecular weight 5. ability to pass through biological membranes 6. short life time in the atmosphere 7. present only near emission sources 2, 3, 5 The main implementation measures of the EU Climate and Energy Policy are 1. increasing the imports of natural gas 2. setting up of an Emissions Trading System 3. large scale exploration of shale gas in Europe 4. establishing an aggregate reduction target for the non-ETS sector 5. outsourcing of energy intensive industry to emerging economies 6. implementing a Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan) 7. replacing coal fired power plants by nuclear power plants 8. reduction of the electricity consumption by 50% till 2030 2, 4 European seafarers who had a major impact on the colonization of the rest of the regions of our world by European nations were 1. Julius Cesar 2. Christoforo Colombo 3. Antoine Lavoisier 4. Vasco da Gama 5. Gallileo Gallilei 6. David Livingstone 7. Raffaelo Santi 8. Fernao de Magalhaes 9. George Washington 10. James Cook 2, 4, 8, 10 In terms of their production volume the three most important food products are 1. beef 2. soy 3. beans 4. wheat 5. milk 6. rice 7. potatoes 8. maize 4, 6, 8 The main technical measures foreseen in the EU to reduce its green house gas emissions by 40% till 2030 are 1. reduction of primary energy use 2. substitution of coal and oil for heating with gas gained in the EU territory with the fracking technology 3. reduction of the CO2 emissions of power plants by installing carbon capture and storage technology (CCS) 4. importing more gas from Russia 5. outsourcing the energy intensive production of steel and cement to countries outside the EU 6. increase the production of renewable energy 7. substitute 50% of the gasoline and diesel used in road traffic by biofuels 1, 3, 6 Which of the following structural elements are present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: 1. cell wall 2. mitochondria 3. cytoplasm 4. ribosomes 5. a membrane-bound nucleus encapsulating the DNA 1, 3, 4 The second atmosphere of our earth consisted mainly of 1. argon 2. carbon dioxide 3. ammonia (NH3) 4. nitrogen (N2) 5. hydrogen 6. oxygen 7. helium 2, 3, 4 Major air pollutants are 1. agropharmaceuticals 2. chlorophyll 3. nitrogen 4. ozone (O3) 5. ammonium phosphate 6. nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 7. sulphur dioxide (SO2) 8. tributyltin 9. water vapour 4, 6, 7 Major results of the Paris Climate Agreement are 1. to limit global warming to 2°C 2. to set criteria for immigration of "climate refugees" into the EU 3. to establish a quota for burden sharing in reduction efforts between industrialized and developing countries 4. to enhance deforestation in the tropical regions 5. to reduce the water consumption in dry regions 6. to implement national action plans for mitigation 7. to reduce global transport of goods 8. to replace nuclear energy by wind and solar energy 1 ("well below 2°C"), 6 Which of the following structural elements are present only in eukaryotic cells: 1. cell wall 2. mitochondria 3. cytoplasm 4. ribosomes 5. a membrane-bound nucleus encapsulating the DNA 2, 5 The most important chemical substances in relation to pollution of the environment are 1. nitrogen 2. rubber 3. fertilisers 4. detergents 5. wood 6. paper 7. iron ores 8. natural gas 9. coal 10. limestone 11. minerals 12. cement products 3, 4 Policy Acts of the European Union, which had a major impact on the development of the environmental and sustainability policies, are 1. the publication of the book "The Silent Spring" 2. foundation of the club of Rome 3. the commissioning of the Brundlandt Report 4. the Single European Act of 1997 (Amsterdam) 5. the founding of Greenpeace 6. the Gothenburg European Council Decision establishing EU Sustainable Development Policy in 2001 7. the fall of the Berlin wall 8. the founding of UNEP 9. the Climate and Energy Package (a series of Directives to combat climate change) 4, 6, 9 Which of the following features apply for Rosetta: 1. carried people to the moon 2. launched by NASA 3. launched by ESA 4. first analysis of material from Mars 5. detection of precursors of life on a comet 6. first pictures of the back-side of the moon 3, 5 The "Golden Age" of Europe following the Middle Ages is called the ... Renaissance Justus von Liebig developed in the 19th century the first ... providing the key to solve one of the biggest problems of that time chemical fertiliser Animals, plants, fungi have ... cells eukariotic The core of our earth consists mainly of ... iron and nickel Organic compounds are produced from CO2 by autotroph organisms through the process of ... photosynthesis A significant fraction of Europe's population suffers from summer smog, whose main chemical component is ... tropospheric ozone The new technology to exploit gas reserves in deep rock formations by hydraulic cracking of the rock layers is called ... fracking A widely-used measure of eutrophication is the determination algal and cyanobacterial biomass from the ... concentration chlorophyll The ... requires all Member States to report information annually concerning emissions and projections for four main air pollutants National Emissions Ceiling Directive The first human made object to orbit our planet was called ... Sputnik The scientist who developed the fundamental laws for chemical reactions was ... Antoine Lavoisier The building stones of proteins are ... amino acids Chloroplasts produce ... from carbon dioxide and water oxygen (via ATP) In the top surface zone of the ocean the primary production of biomass by ... takes place phytoplankton In respect to the energy balance respiration is an ... reaction exothermic Photosynthesis takes place in cell organelles called ... chloroplasts In the absence of oxygen decay of animal and plant matter causes a break down of the the carbon compounds to ... methane (or carbon dioxide if oxygen were present) A main activity of the ... is publishing scientific assessments of global warming Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) An ... lake is a lake with high primary productivity, the result of an excessive nutrient content eutrophic The Comprehensive Global Earth Observation System established in cooperation of EU, USA, Japan etc has the acronym ... GEOSS Our universe began ca 14 billion years ago through the ... big bang The key invention leading to the first industrial revolution was the ... steam engine The catalyst for producing glucose from carbon dioxide and water in chloroplasts of plant cells is called ... chlorophyll The major driving force for atmospheric circulation is ... solar heating ... has caused a massive increase of the NOx flux into the atmosphere contributing to the increased acidity of precipitation Fossil fuel combustion The persistent pesticide ... is the most effective mean to combat the spreading of malaria DDT An ... lake is a lake with low primary productivity, the result of low nutrient content oligotrophic The ... treaty deals with aspects of overfishing and grants coastal states exclusive fishing rights for a 200 mile zone United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Changes in the Earth's orbit around the sun, known as the ... cycles, are believed to be main reason for the large oscillations in the CO2 concentrations of the atmosphere Milankovitch The first landing of people on the moon was achieved with a NASA mission called ... Apollo 11 The particles emitted by the sun are called ... electrons, protons and alpha particles The foundations of our governance system were developed in ... Rome The key invention of the 20th century providing the basis for our modern information and communication society is the ... transistor A structure inside an eucariotic cell performing a specific function is called ... organelle Photosynthesis can be described by the summary reaction ... 6CO2 + 6H2O + hv -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 The conservation of biological diversity has become a global concern and is addressed in the ..., which is an international treaty of 1992 (Rio) Convention on Biological Diversity Agricultural ... can lead to bacterial contamination of ground or surface waters effluents The function establishing the relation between the per capita GDP of a country and the per capita primary energy consumption is called the ... curve Kutznetz Detergents are the major source for the element ... in waste water leading to eutrophication phosphorus Air quality is measured as ... (microgram/m3) immission concentrations The compass was invented in the middle ages in ... China Proteins are formed by chains of ... amino acids The core of our planet consists of iron and nickel and provides for the ... of our earth magnetic field The tremendous ... of the oceans moderates the planet's climate, and its absorption of gases affects the composition of the atmosphere heat capacity The Haber-Bosch-Process produces NH 3 according to this reaction: ... N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3 POPs typically contain the element ... chlorine The air pollutant ... is formed from VOCs and NOx in presence of UV radiation ozone The Boreal region has huge carbon stocks which could emit ... under conditions of strong global warming leading to a non-linear acceleration of temperature rise abruptly CCS stands for ... Carbon Capture and Storage The powerful mirror telescope orbiting our earth to explore the galactic evolution of our universe was called ... Telescope Hubble Space The Aurora is caused by charged particles emitted by ... the sun Protein production is directed by the nucleic acids desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ... ribonucleic acid (RNA) The zone of the ocean till about 150m deep and rich in fish is called the ... pycnocline zone The steady winds flowing from east to west near the surface of the earth in the Northern Atlantic ocean are called ... trade winds NO and NO2 in the atmosphere react with hydrocarbons to form ... which is a major component of summer smog ozone Nearly one fifth of the land in the EU is protected under the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive and is commonly know as ... areas Natura 2000 UNFCCC stands for ... United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change The EU legislation from 2000 requiring integrated impact-based river basin management based on an ecosystem approach is called ... Water Framework Directive The ... curve shows the increase of atmospheric concentrations of CO2 which roughly matches the amount of fossil fuels burned per year Keeling's The newly established EU earth observation system to monitor global change is called ... Copernicus