Title: Anatomy / 7 Endocrine system

Q: types
of glands (= Drüsen) + effect mechanism
A: Exocrine glands: Secret substances (e.g., sweat, enzymes) onto internal or external body surfaces via a duct.
Endocrine glands: Secret "typical hormones" directly into the blood or interstitial space. Can be with or without follicles
Effect Mechanisms:
- Autocrine: The hormone affects the same cell that produced it.
- Paracrine: The hormone affects neighboring cells.

Q: Control
of endocrine system
A: The system is controlled through hypothalamus and partly by the hypophysis:
- Hypothalamus: The primary control center. Located in the brain
- Feedback-mechanisms: These ensure that hormone levels remain balanced by signalling back to the hypothalamus or hypophysis to increase or decrease production.

Q: Hypophysis:
parts, hormones
A: The hypophysis is divided into 2 distinct parts with different functions:
- Anterior lobe: Produces two types of hormones:
  - Glandotropic hormones: Control other endocrine glands (control hormones).
  - Non-glandotropic hormones: Act directly on target tissues (effector hormones).
- Posterior lobe: Anatomically part of the brain; it stores and releases hormones produced in the hypothalamus.
  - Hormones: Oxytocin and Vasopressin.

Q: peripheral glands including respective hormone
A: - thyroid: T3, T4, calcitonin;
- parathyroid: PTH;
- pancreas: insulin, glucagon;
- ovaries: oestrogen, progesterone;
- testes: testosterone;
- placenta: progesterone, hCG;
- adrenal cortex: cortisol, androgens;
- adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine;