Title: Anatomy / 2 Tissues

Q: types of tissues
A: - epithelial tissue;
- connective & supporting tissue;
- muscle tissue;
- nervous tissue;

Q: characteristics of epithelial tissue
A: Basal Membrane: All epithelial cells rest on a specialized structure called the basal membrane.
Surface Coverage: It forms the surfaces of the body and internal organs.

Q: types of epithelial tissue
A: - epithelial surfaces: single-layered or compound;
- Glandular Epithelium: These are divided into endocrine (secreting directly into the blood) and exocrine (secreting through ducts) ;
- Sensory Epithelium: Found in sensory organs

Q: characteristics of connective & supportive tissues: types
A: - Connective Tissue: Acts as a "gap filler" between other tissues. It is responsible for storing water and calories (fat tissue) and contains defense cells. It includes interstitial tissue and specialized fat tissues such as structural fat, storage fat, and brown fat.
- Supportive Tissue: Provides physical stability and includes mainly cartilage (= Knorpel) and bone, as well as dental and chorda (= Sehne) tissue.

Q: cartilage – types, examples of location
A: !!!BEI ALTFRAGEN BEANTWORTET!!!
3 Types:
1. Hyaline Cartilage: Found in joints (articular cartilage), the nose, and the windpipe. This type can ossify. The articular cartilage heals very bad.
2. Elastic Cartilage: Found in the outer ear (auricular cartilage) and the epiglotti (= Kehldeckel)
3. Fibrous Cartilage: Found in the intervertebral disks, the meniscus, and articular disks. This type is hard

Q: bone types
A: Types by age:
- Woven Bone: Immature bone that is not yet oriented toward mechanical stress.
- Lamellar Bone: Mature, secondary bone.
 Types by structure / form:
- Long bones (e.g. femur)
- Short bones (e.g. carpals)
- Flat bones (e.g. pelvis)
- Ventilated bones (e.g. cranial)
- Irregular bones (e.g. vertrebrae)
- Sesamoid bones (e.g. patella)

Q: bone layers
A: Layers:
- periosteum (outer skin);
- cortical bone (dense outer layer);
- cancellous/trabecular bone (spongy inner structure);
- medullar cavity containing bone marrow (red/yellow);

Q: bone sections
A: - epiphysis;
- metaphysis;
- diaphysis

Q: bone growth & ossification
A: - Growth: Lengthwise growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate, while growth in thickness happens via the periosteum.
- Ossification: The process of bone formation is categorized as either desmal (direct) or chondral (via a cartilage model) ossification.

Q: Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
A: - Smallest Functional Component: The myofibrils are the basic functional units within the tissue.
- Muscle Tonus: Muscles maintain a state of continuous basic activity, even when not actively moving.

types of muscle tissues & their potential

Q: Structure of Skeletal Muscle
A: Hierarchy:
(1) Muscle > (2) Muscle Fibers > (3) Muscle Cell > (4) Myofibrils > (5) Sarcomere > (6) Actin & Myosin.
- The Sarcomere: This is the basic contractile unit, which consist of Actin & Myosin. It is subdivided by Z-lines.

Q: Characteristics & types of Nerve Tissue
A: Characteristics: Nerve tissue is specialized for the rapid communication and information processing;
Types:
- Neurons: The primary functional cells responsible for signal transmission via synapses;
- Neuroglia: Often called "neural connective tissue," these cells support and protect neurons. They include: Schwann-cells & astrocytes

Header: Structure
of a Nerve Cell
Remarks: cell body

Header: Structure
of a Nerve Cell
Remarks: dendrites

Header: Structure
of a Nerve Cell
Remarks: myelin sheaths

Header: Structure
of a Nerve Cell
Remarks: axon

Header: Structure
of a Nerve Cell
Remarks: synapses

Header: Types of "Polarization" (Morphological Types)
Remarks: multipolar

Header: Types of "Polarization" (Morphological Types)
Remarks: bipolar

Header: Types of "Polarization" (Morphological Types)
Remarks: pseudo-unipolar

Header: Types of "Polarization" (Morphological Types)
Remarks: unipolar

Q: Organ Systems
A: Cardiovascular System (Herz-Kreislauf)
Hemolymphatic System (Blutgefäße)
Endocrine System (Hormone)
Respiratory System (Atmung)
Digestive System (Verdauung)
Urinary System (Harn)
Genital System
Nervous System

Q: serous cavities – characteristics and which
A: !!!ALTFRAGEN!!!
Characteristics: Spaces that allow organs to move relative to each other.
- Serous Membrane: The cavities are lined by a thin membrane consisting of 2 layers:
- Visceral layer
- Parietal layer
Which:
- Pleural cavity: surrounds the lungs, lined with pleura;
- Pericardial cavity: surrounds the heart, lined by pericardium;
- Abdominal cavity: surrounds most digestive organs, lined by peritoneum

Q: connective tissue spaces – which
A: - Mediastinum;
- Retroperitoneum;
- Subperitoneum;